What are barnyard grass, striped barnyard grass, tall barnyard grass, and American barnyard grass?

Paspalum thunbergii, also known as sparrow's barnyard grass, is a perennial herb that grows along roadsides and in wastelands, distributed throughout East Asia, including Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands in Japan, as well as Korea and China.

Paspalum dilatatum, also known as island barnyard grass, is native to South America and has naturalized in warm regions around the world. In Japan, it has naturalized south of Honshu and is a perennial plant that grows along roadsides and in wastelands.

Paspalum urvillei, also known as upright sparrow's barnyard grass, is native to South America and has naturalized in warm regions around the world. In Japan, it has naturalized west of the Kanto region and is a perennial plant that grows along roadsides and in wastelands.

American barnyard grass (Paspalum notatum) is native to tropical America and has naturalized in warm regions worldwide. In Japan, it has naturalized in various areas and can be found throughout the country except in mountainous regions. It is believed to have escaped cultivation as pasture grass.

Both belong to the genus Paspalum in the grass family and are perennial plants that can be found as weeds in a wide range of areas, from urban areas to farmlands.

[Seed Plant Encyclopedia #116] What are the types of grasses? Photo list

The grass family (Poaceae) consists of annual to perennial herbs, or plants with woody, perennial stems. The stem, called a "culm," has septa at the nodes, and the rest of the stem is hollow or contains pith. Leaves are arranged alternately in two rows and consist of a leaf blade and a leaf sheath. The leaf blade is often linear, and the leaf sheath is wide...

ecological-information.com

This group of plants bears several racemes called "sou" (or "fusa"), and these racemes have even smaller clusters of inflorescences called "shōsui," where flowers (specifically called florets) bloom and develop into fruits when ripe.

The spikelets of the genus Paspalum are flat and nearly circular to oval in shape, which is perhaps their most distinctive feature. The Japanese name "Suzume-no-hie" (sparrow's density) is said to originate from the fact that "the spikelets resemble those of barnyard grass, which is not edible for humans but is used as food for sparrows," but it's also possible that the name was given because of the large size of the spikelets.

However, the genus *Paspalum* includes many species that have naturalized in addition to the native *Paspalum*, and they are very similar, so some people may have trouble distinguishing them.

What are the differences between Barnyard Grass, Striped Barnyard Grass, Upright Barnyard Grass, and American Barnyard Grass?

When distinguishing between the four species, examining the spikelets is probably the most accurate method.

First, there is a difference in that the spikelets of Barnyard grass, Striped Barnyard grass, and Upright Barnyard grass are not glossy, while those of American Barnyard grass are glossy.

Regarding the remaining three species, the difference lies in the fact that in Barnyard Grass (Paspalum indicum), the spikelets are circular to oval and have fine hairs or are hairless along the edges, while in Striped Barnyard Grass (Paspalum indicum) and Upright Barnyard Grass (Paspalum erythrorhizon), the spikelets are oval and have long, white hairs along the edges.

Regarding Barnyard grass and upright barnyard grass, Barnyard grass has spikelets that are 3-3.5 mm long, and the stigma of the pistil and the anthers (the part with pollen) of the stamens are blackish-purple, while upright barnyard grass has spikelets that are 2-2.5 mm long, and the stigma of the pistil is blackish-purple and the anthers of the stamens are yellow.

The above should be sufficient to distinguish them, but there are a few more differences that may be helpful, so I will list them here.

In Barnyard grass, striped barnyard grass, and upright barnyard grass, they grow in clumps, lack long rhizomes or stolons, and have a membranous ligule, whereas in American barnyard grass, there are long rhizomes and stolons, and the ligule is membranous or covered with rows of fine hairs.

In Barnyard grass, the involucre consists of 3 to 7 leaves, and the mouth of the leaf sheath at the top of the culm is sparsely covered with long hairs or is hairless, whereas in Barnyard grass, the involucre consists of 10 to 20 leaves, and the mouth of the leaf sheath at the top of the culm is densely covered with long hairs.

Are there any other similar species?

Nine species of the genus *Paspalum* are known in Japan, but the four species mentioned above are quite dominant, with the others being less common.

Paspalum distchum is a relatively common species among them. Like American barnyard grass, it has long rhizomes and stolons, but it grows in wetlands, has long hairs at the opening of the leaf sheath, and its spikelets are not glossy and are narrow in width, giving them a shape that is close to oblong.

References

Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association. 2018. Kanagawa Prefecture Flora 2018 (Electronic Edition). Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, Odawara. 1803pp. ISBN: 9784991053726

What are barnyard grass and beach barnyard grass?

Barnyard grass (Polypogon fugax) is distributed in Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan; as well as in Siberia, Korea, China, Taiwan, India, Nepal, and Africa. It is an annual plant that grows in wetlands, fields, riverbanks, embankments, reclaimed land, wastelands, gardens, vacant lots, rice paddies, fallow fields, and cultivated fields (Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, 2018).

Polypogon monspeliensis, also known as beach barnyard grass, is an annual plant distributed in Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and the Ryukyu Islands in Japan; as well as in temperate to warm temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North Africa, growing on seashores, wetlands, riverbanks, and roadsides.

Both are weeds belonging to the genus Barnyard grass in the family Poaceae. They are inconspicuous weeds that generally prefer watery areas, but can also be found along roadsides.

[Seed Plant Encyclopedia #116] What are the types of grasses? Photo list

The grass family (Poaceae) consists of annual to perennial herbs, or plants with woody, perennial stems. The stem, called a "culm," has septa at the nodes, and the rest of the stem is hollow or contains pith. Leaves are arranged alternately in two rows and consist of a leaf blade and a leaf sheath. The leaf blade is often linear, and the leaf sheath is wide...

ecological-information.com

Among grasses, it is characterized by its conical inflorescence, which has long, cylindrical branches that spread outwards, and each spikelet (a small inflorescence unique to grasses) has only one floret, with the tip of the glume becoming an awn.

However, some people may not be able to distinguish between barnyard grass and beach barnyard grass.

What is the difference between barnyard grass and beach barnyard grass?

The distinction between the two species is relatively easy (Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, 2018).

Specifically, in Barnyard grass, the awns of the glumes are roughly the same length as the glumes, whereas in sea barnyard grass, the awns of the glumes are two to three times longer than the glumes.

You might find the technical term "glimmer awn" difficult to understand, but the glume refers to the outermost part of the spikelet (a small inflorescence characteristic of grasses, where flowers and fruits develop). In short, it refers to the long, pointed structure at the tip of the spikelet.

Therefore, the spikelets of *Crocothemis servilia* may give the impression of mammalian hair, covered with stiff hairs. This is similar to that of *Foxtail grass*.

In Japan, barnyard grass is far more commonly found in many areas. Beach barnyard grass prefers coastal areas.

References

Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association. 2018. Kanagawa Prefecture Flora 2018 (Electronic Edition). Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, Odawara. 1803pp. ISBN: 9784991053726

What are Kakinegarashi and Inukakinegarashi?

Sisymbrium officinale, also known as hedge mustard, is native to Europe and became naturalized throughout Japan in the late Meiji period. It is an annual to biennial plant that grows in sunny roadsides and wastelands.

Sisymbrium orientale, also known as dog fence mustard, is native to the Mediterranean coast and became naturalized throughout Japan in the early Showa period. It is an annual plant that grows along roadsides in urban areas and in wastelands.

Both belong to the genus Arabis in the family Brassicaceae, and are introduced weeds that can grow even in urban areas with low levels of natural environment, such as cracks in concrete. The Japanese name is said to come from the fact that when the branches spread horizontally and they grow in clusters, they look like a hedge.

At first glance, the flowers, which are characteristic of the Brassicaceae family and are called "cruciate flowers," are yellow and resemble those of common Brassica napus or mustard greens. However, they can be distinguished by the fact that their stems and leaves do not clasp the stem, and their leaf blades are divided.

What are the differences between mustard greens, rapeseed, European rapeseed, and black mustard? How do their uses differ? Why did they evolve to be spicy? Brassica plants, essential for Japanese mustard and salad oil, have increased fruit production thanks to insect visits!

Brassica napus, rapeseed, European rapeseed, and black mustard are four species of yellow flowers that bloom in spring and belong to the Brassicaceae family. Their flower shapes are almost identical, and their habitats are also nearly the same. Furthermore, there are many closely related species, making identification extremely confusing. This complexity is such that even researchers sometimes misidentify them. Recent research has revealed...

ecological-information.com

From a taxonomic standpoint, the difference lies in the fact that the tip of the silique (a slender fruit characteristic of the Brassicaceae family) is not covered by a beak, but it is quite difficult to confirm this point.

Because they share so many similarities, you might find it difficult to distinguish between *Calanthe discolor* and *Calanthe japonica*, which belong to the same genus.

What is the difference between Kakinegashi and Inukakinegashi?

Distinguishing between *Calanthe discolor* and *Calanthe japonica* is relatively easy with careful observation.

The most reliable way to distinguish them is to look at the fruit (silique). In *Cassia japonica*, the fruit stalk is very short, and the fruit is less than 15 mm long and pressed against the stem (parallel to the stem), whereas in *Cassia japonica*, the fruit stalk is clearly present, and the fruit is more than 5 cm long and separates from the stem (forming an acute angle with the stem).

Also, the petals of *Inukakinegarashi* are larger than those of *Kakinegara*.

There is no reliable way to distinguish between species due to the large individual variations in the shape of divided leaves, but in *Rorippa indica*, the base of the leaf blade of the apical stem leaves tends to protrude in a lanceolate shape, so this point may be helpful.

Are there any other similar species?

Several other species of the genus Arabis have also become naturalized, although they are rarer than the two species mentioned above.

Sisymbrium irio is a perennial herb whose stems and leaves are usually undivided.

Sisymbrium altissimum resembles Sisymbrium moniliforme, but unlike Sisymbrium moniliforme, the base of the leaf blades of the apical stem leaves does not protrude in a lance-like shape, and its sepals are hairless.

Sisymbrium irio exhibits a unique characteristic: after flowering, its young fruits rapidly elongate, extending beyond the flower at the top and surrounding it.

References

Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association. 2018. Kanagawa Prefecture Flora 2018 (Electronic Edition). Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, Odawara. 1803pp. ISBN: 9784991053726

What are Senecio vulgaris, Senecio vulgaris, and Senecio japonica?

Senecio vulgaris, also known as wild ragwort, is native to Eurasia (probably Europe) and has naturalized throughout the world, including Japan. It is an annual to biennial herb that grows in fertile fields, gardens, and vacant lots (Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, 2018).

Crassocephalum crepidioides, also known as red-flowered rag chrysanthemum, is native to tropical Africa and has naturalized mainly in tropical regions. In Japan, it began to spread from western Japan after World War II and is now distributed throughout the country. It is an annual plant that grows along roadsides, in cleared areas, and in eroded areas with humus.

Erechtites hieraciifolius, also known as Dandoborogiku (Dando rag chrysanthemum), is native to the Americas and has naturalized in parts of Eurasia, including Japan. It is an annual plant that grows in humus-rich, eroded areas and prefers mountainous regions to urban areas. Its Japanese name comes from the fact that it was discovered on Mount Dando in Aichi Prefecture.

Both belong to the Senecio tribe (or Senecio tribe) of the Asteraceae family and are introduced weeds with the name "Borogiku" (ragged chrysanthemum). This Japanese name is said to originate from the fact that the fruit, covered in white hairs, looks like a rag (a worn-out piece of cloth).

These plants, like many in the Asteraceae family, produce "flower heads" (capitulum inflorescences). Flower heads are commonly found in the Asteraceae family and are a type of inflorescence (arrangement of flowers) that is a collection of flowers. As evidence of this, each flower has the structure of stamens and pistils, and is sometimes specifically called a "flora." Most people refer to flower heads as "flowers," but they are actually different.

The small flowers of the Asteraceae family consist of two types: "ray florets," which have a corolla that extends widely to one side, and "disc florets," which have a tubular corolla. The combination of these florets varies depending on the species of Asteraceae, but a key characteristic of these three species is that they have no ray florets at all, and are composed solely of disc florets.

Therefore, if you are researching this type for the first time, you may find it difficult to distinguish between them.

What are the differences between Senecio vulgaris, Senecio ragwort, and Senecio scaber?

Although they share the same name, "Borogiku," they belong to different taxonomic groups (Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, 2018).

Senecio vulgaris belongs to the genus Senecio, Eragrostis sempervirens belongs to the genus Eragrostis, and Eragrostis sempervirens belongs to the genus Eragrostis.

Therefore, it can be expected that there will be significant differences in form.

The biggest difference is the color of the flowers: *Crepis japonica* has yellow flowers, *Crepis japonica* has a reddish upper part and a white lower part, and *Crepis japonica* has pale yellow to greenish-yellow flowers.

If the plant is alive and in its flowering season, you can almost certainly distinguish it by checking this point.

Also, the shape and size of the involucre are clearly different, so please refer to the photos. The size of the involucre is as follows: Senecio vulgaris < Senecio scaber < Senecio japonica.

The flowering period for *Senecio vulgaris* is year-round, for *Senecio crassifolius* it is from August to October, and for *Senecio japonica* it is from September to October.

However, with dried specimens, the color is not discernible, and there are fewer clues, making it especially easy to confuse *Eragrostis sempervirens* and *Eragrostis terniflora*.

Even in such cases, you can distinguish them by examining the leaves.

Specifically, in *Eragrostis sempervirens*, there is clearly a petiole, and the base of the leaf blade is moderately to deeply lobed, resulting in a pinnately pinnate shape (where the tip of the pinnately lobed segments is the largest and the base is smaller), whereas in *Eragrostis terniflora*, the leaves lack a petiole, and the leaves only have coarse serrations of roughly equal size.

In short, in the case of Eragrostis stolonifera, some leaves are divided. However, there are also cases where the leaves are not divided, so it's best to look at several leaves and make a comprehensive decision.

Are there any other similar species?

Although several species are known in the genus Senecio, which includes Senecio vulgaris, most have ray florets, so they are rarely confused.

However, the species Senecio sylvaticus does have ray florets, but they are inconspicuous and about the same length as the involucre on the flower head, so it may be confused with Senecio sulphureus. Senecio sulphureus has dark purple spots at the tips of the outer involucral bracts, while Senecio sylvaticus does not, so they can be distinguished.

No other species are known in the genus Eragrostis, which includes Eragrostis stolonifera.

The genus *Takedagusa*, which includes *Dandoborogiku*, also has two other species that have naturalized in Japan, but they are not very similar.

References

Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association. 2018. Kanagawa Prefecture Flora 2018 (Electronic Edition). Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, Odawara. 1803pp. ISBN: 9784991053726

What are *Myosotis scorpioides* and *Myosotis alpestris*?

Cucumber grass , Trigonotis peduncularis, also known as Tabirako, is a biennial plant widely distributed in Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and the Ryukyu Islands in Japan, as well as in temperate to warm temperate regions of Asia, growing in fields and along roadsides (Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, 2018). Its Japanese name comes from the fact that it smells like a cucumber when rubbed.

Trigonotis brevipes, also known as Mizutabirako, is a perennial herb distributed in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu in Japan, growing in wetlands in mountain valleys.

All of these species belong to the genus Myosotis in the family Boraginaceae. A key characteristic is their entire leaves and the unique "scorpion-type inflorescence," which resembles the tail (more precisely, the "terminal body" or "post-abdomen") of a scorpion. The flowers are similar to many other species in the Boraginaceae family, but a distinctive feature is the presence of a projection called an "appendix" in the center of the corolla. As with other species in the genus Myosotis, they also share the common characteristic of having tetrahedron-shaped fruitlets.

In particular, forget-me-not (Cucumber grass) is very well-known as a type of weed that can be frequently observed on roadsides in urban areas, as it produces tiny, pale bluish-purple flowers only about 2 mm in diameter from March to May. It is one of the first species featured in plant encyclopedias.

However, there are several closely related species in the Boraginaceae family as well as the Myosotis genus, and while it's not that difficult to distinguish them once you're familiar with them, you might be unsure at first.

What is the difference between *Myosotis scorpioides* and *Myosotis alpestris*?

It is relatively easy to distinguish between Myosotis scorpioides and Myosotis alpestris (Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, 2018).

In forget-me-nots, the pedicels (the thin parts connecting the flower to the plant body) are the same length as or longer than the calyx, and the inflorescence curves backward after flowering. In contrast, in myosotis scorpioides, the pedicels are shorter than the calyx, and the inflorescence remains upright after flowering.

In short, in forget-me-nots, the pedicels are noticeably longer, and the inflorescence is often winding.

Furthermore, regarding their habitats, while forget-me-nots grow in fields and roadsides and can be observed very commonly, water hyacinths only grow in localized environments such as wetlands in mountain valleys, making them quite difficult to observe.

A variety known as Trigonotis brevipes var. coronata is also found, which has a ring-shaped appendage on the dorsal side of the fruitlets.

What is the difference between cucumber grass and flowering flower?

While cucumber grass is closely related to water hyacinth, many people might be more interested in the differences between it and other plants, particularly in terms of their actual habitats.

Bothriospermum zeylanicum, also known as Hanaibana (flower inside the leaf), is an annual to biennial herb that grows in fields and roadsides. It is distributed in Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands in Japan; as well as in Korea, China, Southeast Asia, India, and Central Asia.

The most significant difference between forget-me-nots and dwarf rhododendrons, which are important from a taxonomic perspective, lies in the shape of their fruits. Forget-me-nots have a smooth surface, while dwarf rhododendrons have a rough surface due to the dense growth of short protrusions.

However, the fruit is rather plain, so it might be difficult to spot.

Another easily noticeable difference is that while forget-me-nots form scorpion-shaped inflorescences, the flowers of *Myosotis scorpioides* are solitary and grow in the upper leaf axils.

Therefore, you won't see the winding inflorescences of *Myosotis scorpioides* (cucumber grass) in *Myosotis scorpioides*. This characteristic is the origin of its Japanese name, "hanaibana" (flower inside the leaf), which comes from the fact that the flowers grow between the leaves.

Furthermore, the flower color differs between the two plants: in the forget-me-not (Cucumber Grass), the corolla is pale bluish-purple with a yellow central appendage, while in the flower of the 'Hanaibana' (Japanese Honeysuckle), the corolla is primarily white with pale bluish-purple at the base of the lobes, and the central appendage is white.

Another difference is that only *Hanaibana* has bracts, but these may be difficult to distinguish from normal leaves and therefore confusing.

In my experience, *Hanaibana* (a type of wildflower) is not as numerous as *Cucumber Grass* (another type of wildflower), and I don't get the impression that it grows in clusters.

What are the differences between forget-me-nots and wild forget-me-nots/wild purple forget-me-nots?

Many people may be wondering about the differences between forget-me-nots and wild purple flowers. Forget-me-nots and wild purple flowers have similar flower colors and shapes to forget-me-nots, and the appendage in the center of the corolla is also yellow.

Both Myosotis scorpioides (true forget-me-not) and Myosotis arvensis (field purple) belong to the Myosotis genus and are native to Europe. They are commonly cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens, but they can escape cultivation and become naturalized.

From a taxonomic perspective, the shape of the fruit is also important here (Shimizu et al., 2001; Kanagawa Prefectural Flora Survey Association, 2018).

The fruits of the Myosotis and Forget-Me-Not genera gradually divide into four parts, forming "schizocarps." However, in Myosotis, these schizocarps are tetrahedral and angular, while in Forget-Me-Not, they are oval and round.

However, you might find it difficult to observe such aspects in the wild.

The most obvious difference is in their growth patterns. In forget-me-nots, the stem branches profusely at the base, spreading out horizontally, and the branches grow diagonally upwards, reaching a height of only about 6 cm. In contrast, in forget-me-nots and wild purple, the stems grow upright and can reach a height of 20 to 50 cm.

The flower size varies: cucumber grass has a diameter of 2mm, wild forget-me-not has a diameter of 3mm, and true forget-me-not has a diameter of 8mm. The forget-me-nots in the Myosotis genus are larger and have bigger flowers, making them suitable for gardening.

For those who want to learn about the differences between species in the Forget-Me-Not genus, please see our other article.

References

Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association. 2018. Kanagawa Prefecture Flora 2018 (Electronic Edition). Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, Odawara. 1803pp. ISBN: 9784991053726

Shimizu, K., Morita, H., & Hirota, S. 2001. Illustrated Guide to Naturalized Plants of Japan: 600 Species of Plant Invaders (Revised). National Rural Education Association, Tokyo. 553pp. ISBN: 9784881370858

What are chickweed and Dutch chickweed?

Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare var. angustifolium, also known as ear chickweed, is distributed in Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands in Japan; as well as in Korea, China, Sakhalin, and India. It grows along roadsides and in fields, particularly preferring semi-shaded areas and being common in slightly damp places. It is a biennial herb (Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, 2018). Due to confusion in classification, its scientific name has been debated, with names such as Cerastium holosteoides var. hallaisanense and C. fontanum subsp. triviale var. angustifolium being used in the past, but the above scientific name is currently adopted.

Cerastium glomeratum, also known as Dutch ear chickweed, is native to Europe and has naturalized in Japan, found in Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands. It grows along roadsides and in fields, and is a biennial plant that is especially common in sunny, dry areas.

Both belong to the genus Cerastium in the family Caryophyllaceae, and are extremely common plants that grow as "weeds" along roadsides. They often grow dominantly, and when they bloom all at once from March to May in spring, they are one of the plants that signal the arrival of spring.

A common characteristic of these flowers is that they have five white petals, the tips of which are slightly split, resembling a fork. They also feel sticky to the touch, and you can see that they are covered in numerous glandular hairs.

However, few people may be able to accurately distinguish between the two.

Furthermore, because they grow in almost the same locations and are closely related in classification, many people may confuse them with other members of the Stellaria genus.

What is the difference between chickweed (Eurya japonica) and Dutch chickweed (Eurya japonica var. japonica)?

The two species are quite similar, so in some cases, close observation may be necessary (Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, 2018).

The easiest way to tell is by the color of the stem.

While the stems of *Cerastium holosteoides* are generally green, sometimes having a partially purplish tint, *Cerastium holosteoides* is predominantly purple.

However, because there is considerable individual variation and intra-individual variation, it is important to observe the whole picture rather than just looking at a part of it before making a decision.

Another difference is that in chickweed, the pedicels are longer than the calyx, resulting in a sparse-looking inflorescence, while in Dutch chickweed, the pedicels are shorter than the calyx, resulting in a dense-looking inflorescence.

This is a more accurate explanation of the difference, but it might be a little difficult to understand.

As mentioned above, there are differences in their habitats; while chickweed prefers slightly damp places, Dutch chickweed prefers sunny, dry places.

If you're walking around in an urban area, you can be fairly certain that what you see on sunny roadsides is mostly chickweed (Cerastium holosteoides).

Several websites highlight the difference between the two species, stating that "in the case of chickweed, the petals and calyx are roughly the same length, and when in bud, the petals are mostly hidden by the calyx, whereas in the case of Dutch chickweed, the petals are longer than the calyx, so when in bud, the petals appear to protrude from the calyx."

However, while this is true for Cerastium fontanum, it is known that there is variation in the length of the calyx of Cerastium, and the only variety of Cerastium that fits the above description is Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare var. vulgare, which has sepals 5-9 mm long.

The sepals of typical chickweed are 3.5 to 5 mm long, sometimes even shorter than those of Dutch chickweed (4 to 5 mm), so let's not use this as a distinguishing feature.

What is the difference between chickweed and other types of chickweed?

Chickweeds, like ear chickweeds, belong to the genus Stellaria in the family Caryophyllaceae, but some people may not know the difference between them.

What are the differences between common chickweed, green chickweed, and cow chickweed? We'll explain how to distinguish between similar species! There are even differences in their survival strategies!?

Common chickweed, green chickweed, and large chickweed all belong to the genus Stellaria in the family Caryophyllaceae, and are representative Japanese weeds that can almost certainly be found if you observe roadsides. In Japan, they are one of the seven spring herbs and are familiar to people as they are eaten in seven-herb rice porridge. However, these three species are usually referred to simply as "chickweed"...

ecological-information.com

They often grow together along roadsides, especially in urban areas of Japan, which can be confusing.

I think the most obvious difference is the shape of the petals.

In chickweed species, the tips of the five petals are slightly split, resembling a fork, whereas in most chickweed species, the tips of the five petals are almost completely divided, making it appear as if there are ten petals.

Strictly speaking, the classifications of the *Cerastium* and *Stellaria* genera don't apply to all plants, but you probably won't have much trouble finding them along the roadside.

In terms of taxonomy, the genus Chickweed has five styles (part of the pistil) that are opposite to the sepals, rarely three to four, and the capsule is cylindrical, while the genus Stellaria has three styles, rarely five, that are alternate with the sepals when there are five, and the capsule is ovate or spherical.

However, as you can see, there are many exceptions and you need to look at some very fine details, so it may not be very helpful for beginners.

References

Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association. 2018. Kanagawa Prefecture Flora 2018 (Electronic Edition). Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, Odawara. 1803pp. ISBN: 9784991053726

What are Bidens pilosa, Bidens frondosa, Bidens pilosa, and Bidens serrata?

Bidens biternata, also known as sandalwood grass, is widely distributed in Honshu (west of the Kanto region), Shikoku, and Kyushu in Japan; as well as in Eurasia and Africa. It is an annual plant that grows in fertile, slightly damp, barren land (Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, 2018). In Japan, it is considered to be an ancient naturalized plant.

Bidens pilosa var. pilosa, also known as small sandalwood grass, is native to North America and is widely distributed in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu in Japan, as well as in tropical regions worldwide. It is an annual plant that grows in clusters in dry environments such as riverbanks, urban vacant lots, and reclaimed land.

Bidens frondosa, also known as American beggar-ticks, is native to North America and has become very widespread and common in Japan. It is an annual plant that grows in fertile ditches, riverbanks, and other similar locations.

Bidens tripartita, also known as taukogi (rice paddy tree), is an annual plant found in rice paddies, ditches, and riverbanks. It is distributed throughout Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu in Japan; Eurasia and North Africa; and has naturalized in North America and Australia. Currently, it is far less common than Bidens frondosa.

Both are annual plants belonging to the genus Bidens in the Asteraceae family. In relation to humans, their most notable characteristic is that their fruits are dispersed by animal attachment, meaning they are "burrs" (Miura et al., 2007; Abdullah et al., 2025; Qureshi & Anwar, 2025). They grow along roadsides and around bodies of water, and their tendency to stick to animal fur and human clothing makes them particularly unpleasant.

From a taxonomic perspective, these characteristics are important in defining the genus Bidens, as the fruit develops into an achene with long, spine-like awns (pointed parts) that allow it to stick to surfaces.

However, the four species within the Bidens genus mentioned above all have fruits that stick to the ground, similar names, and yellow flower heads (the part that looks like a single flower, formed by a cluster of small florets characteristic of the Asteraceae family), so they may often be confused with each other.

What are the differences between Bidens pilosa, Bidens frondosa, Bidens frondosa, and Bidens pilosa?

While there are thought to be three native species of the genus Bidens in Japan, more than six naturalized species are known, and it is impossible to list all the distinguishing features here. However, if we narrow it down to the four species mentioned above, which have entirely yellow flower heads and are fairly common, they can be distinguished relatively easily (Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, 2018).

First, the four species can be broadly distinguished by the fact that in American beggar-a-kind and sedge, the flower heads have bracts that are longer than the involucre, while in beggar-a-kind and common beggar-a-kind, these are absent.

The term "bracts" might be unfamiliar, but in Bidens frondosa and Bidens pilosa, they refer to the thin, green parts that radiate around the flower head. They look almost like green petals. Bidens pilosa and Bidens pilosa do not have these.

The difference between Bidens pilosa and Bidens pilosa lies in the fact that Bidens pilosa has ray florets, resulting in yellow petals (more precisely, a corolla), while Bidens pilosa lacks ray florets and therefore has no petals.

The small flowers of the Asteraceae family consist of two types: "ray florets," which have a large, tongue-shaped tip that extends and spreads out to one side, and "disc florets," which have a tubular corolla. The combination of these two types varies depending on the species of the Asteraceae family, but in the Bidens genus, it varies depending on the species. This should also be obvious at a glance.

Regarding Bidens frondosa and Bidens pilosa, the difference is that Bidens frondosa has slender, distinct petioles on its leaflets and a slender, purplish stem, while Bidens pilosa has winged petioles on its leaflets and a thick, green stem.

"Wings" is a general term for thin, flat structures that grow on plants. In the case of *Taucogi*, the leaf portion covers the petiole, so the thin part is almost invisible. It might be easier to see this with your own eyes.

It's also worth noting that Bidens pilosa and Bidens serrata have decreased significantly in number and are now rarely seen.

Occasionally, the fruit of the Japanese angelica tree loses its awns (Miura et al., 2007).

What's the difference between "sticky bugs"?

If the plant is present, checking the above should be sufficient to determine its identity. Furthermore, even just looking at the fruit (burrs) can provide some degree of distinction.

They can be broadly classified by the difference that Bidens pilosa and Bidens pilosa have long, linear achenes, while Bidens frondosa and Bidens serrata have short, trapezoidal achenes.

While Bidens pilosa and Bidens pilosa are quite similar and difficult to distinguish, Bidens pilosa has 3-4 awns (pointed parts) with long, spine-like, backward-pointing spines, whereas Bidens pilosa has slightly fewer, at 2-4.

Regarding Bidens frondosa and Bidens pilosa, the difference is that in Bidens frondosa, the two awns are sharply angled outwards, while in Bidens pilosa, the two awns are only slightly angled outwards and are nearly parallel.

References

Abdullah, S., Munir, M., Javed, B., Ahmad, M., Abbasi, BA, Dawood, S., & Zhang, L. 2025. The Systematics and Biogeography of Genus Bidens. In Y. Bibi, K. Zahara, A. Qayyum, & MA Jenks (Eds.), The Genus Bidens: Chemistry and Pharmacology (pp. 3-20). Springer Nature Singapore. ISBN: 9789819642564, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4257-1_1

Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association. 2018. Kanagawa Prefecture Flora 2018 (Electronic Edition). Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, Odawara. 1803pp. ISBN: 9784991053726

Miura, Reiichi, Makoto Hosoya, and Misako Ito. 2007. A variant of *Thuja orientalis* that has lost its thorns for seed dispersal. Weed Research 52(3): 130-136. https://doi.org/10.3719/weed.52.130

Qureshi, H., & Anwar, T. 2025. Morphological Characteristics of Bidens Species: Generative Morphology. In The Genus Bidens: Chemistry and Pharmacology (pp. 35-54). Singapore, Springer Nature Singapore. ISBN: 9789819642564, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4257-1_22

What are ragweed and giant ragweed?

Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is native to North America and has naturalized in Asia, Europe, Africa, and South America. It is an annual plant that grows in fertile, somewhat dry areas such as fields and roadsides (Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, 2018; RBG Kew, 2023).

Ambrosia trifida, also known as giant ragweed, is an annual plant native to North America that has naturalized in East Asia and Europe, growing in dense clusters in fertile riverbeds and other similar areas.

Both are annual weeds belonging to the genus Ragweed in the Asteraceae family, and are best known for causing "ragweed pollen allergy" (Okubo, 2014). They are well-known because they were the first to be identified as one of the causes of hay fever in Japan. However, the 70% that causes modern hay fever is cedar pollen.

Like many plants in the Asteraceae family, the genus Ragweed produces "flower heads" (capitulum inflorescences). Flower heads are commonly found in the Asteraceae family and are inflorescences (arrangements of flowers) that are clusters of flowers. As evidence of this, each flower has the structure of stamens and pistils, and is sometimes specifically called a "flora." Most people refer to flower heads as "flowers," but they are actually different.

The florets of the Asteraceae family consist of two types: "ray florets," which have a corolla that extends widely to one side, and "disc florets," which have a tubular corolla. The combination of these two types varies depending on the species of the Asteraceae family, but in the ragweed genus, the corolla is reduced, making it impossible to distinguish between them.

Furthermore, all the florets in the flower heads are unisexual (having only either pistils or stamens), and the fact that male and female flowers are attached to separate flower heads is also a characteristic of the genus Ragweed.

These female and male flower heads are then arranged in even more slender racemes, with the male flower heads hanging downwards towards the ground.

This is a characteristic of wind-pollinated flowers, and it is thought to be advantageous for pollination as the flowers are swayed by the wind, allowing their pollen to be dispersed. This is related to hay fever.

Among wind-pollinated flowers, it is classified as a "pendulous type," and because the flower stalks extend downwards, the flowers appear to droop and are easily swayed by the wind (Utsumi, 2002).

Although they possess many unique structural features, ragweed and giant ragweed share many characteristics, making them easily confused. Similarly, goldenrod, sedum, and hawkweed seem to be often mistaken for each other due to various misunderstandings.

What is the difference between ragweed and giant ragweed?

First, let's look at the differences between ragweed and giant ragweed, which are closely related species biologically.

The way to distinguish them is simple.

In ragweed, the leaves are opposite or alternate and pinnately lobed, whereas in giant ragweed, the leaves are opposite and palmately lobed to shallowly 3-lobed to entire.

The terminology might be confusing, but essentially, ragweed leaves are finely divided like feathers, while giant ragweed leaves are not divided as finely. You can easily tell the difference by looking at them.

Furthermore, while the stems of ragweed (Ambrosia gracilis) are typically 20-90 cm tall, those of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifoliata) can reach 1-3 m in height, reflecting the difference in their names. However, it's possible that the plant is still growing, so you should carefully examine the leaves.

Incidentally, the giant ragweed with all leaves having entire margins (leaves that are not lobed at all) is given the rather confusing name of *Ragweed f. integrifolia *. I really wish they would change the name.

Another species that resembles ragweed, Ambrosia psilostachya, is also rarely seen, but it differs in that its leaves are once pinnately lobed, it is a perennial herb, the outer surface of the male flower heads is covered with many soft hairs, and the female flower heads are borne singly (in contrast to ragweed, which has leaves twice pinnately lobed, is an annual herb, the outer surface of the male flower heads is scattered with stiff, short hairs or is hairless, and the female flower heads are borne in pairs or groups of three).

What is the difference between ragweed and goldenrod?

The difference between ragweed and goldenrod seems to be a frequently searched topic on the internet.

This seems to stem from the fact that Solidago altissima (tall goldenrod) was once mistaken for ragweed.

It's true that goldenrod, like ragweed, belongs to the daisy family and blooms in autumn, and you might get the impression that yellow flowers produce a lot of yellow pollen. However, this is a big mistake.

First, taxonomically speaking, ragweed and goldenrod both belong to the Asteraceae family, but they belong to quite distant groups within that family.

In terms of shape, as mentioned above, ragweed flower heads are green, lack a corolla, and hang downwards, while goldenrod flower heads have a prominent yellow corolla and bloom upwards, making them completely different.

The crucial difference is that ragweed is wind-pollinated, while goldenrod is insect-pollinated. Goldenrod is yellow to attract insects, and its pollen grains are large to provide nutrients for insects, making it unsuitable for wind pollination. Therefore, goldenrod does not cause hay fever in humans.

What is the difference between ragweed and sedum?

For some reason, the difference between ragweed and sedum seems to be a frequently searched topic on the internet.

However, the true ragweed, Phedimus aizoon var. floribundus, belongs to the Crassulaceae family and is a completely different species from ragweed, which is characterized by its fleshy leaves and star-shaped yellow flowers.

This might be the result of mistaking goldenrod for sedum.

While it's true that tall goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) belongs to the genus Solidago, and its alternative name is tall goldenrod (Solidago aurantiacus), suggesting a connection, as mentioned above, the genus Solidago belongs to the Asteraceae family, and goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica) is a different species from tall goldenrod.

In other words, they might be mistaking ragweed for goldenrod, then goldenrod for goldenrod, and then goldenrod for sedum.

This is completely wrong, so please be careful.

If you want to know the difference between goldenrod and autumn virgaurea, please see our other article.

What are the differences between goldenrod, autumn goldenrod, and mountain goldenrod? How do they differ from other goldenrod species? This article explains how to distinguish between similar species.

Goldenrod (Solidago altissima), autumn goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), and mountain goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea var. japonica) all belong to the genus Solidago in the Asteraceae family, and are representative perennial plants that bloom with small yellow flowers (more accurately, flower heads) in autumn. Goldenrod, in particular, is well-known because it proliferates rapidly in some regions...

ecological-information.com

What is the difference between ragweed and hawkweed?

The difference between ragweed and hawkweed (Hypochaeris radicata) also seems to be a frequently searched topic.

These two plants are somewhat similar in name, and Hypochaeris radicata (pig's greens) also belongs to the Asteraceae family, which may be why they are sometimes confused.

However, the hawkweed produces large, yellow flower heads, giving the impression that it is more similar to a dandelion.

In fact, it's more difficult to find common ground with ragweed because they are so different.

The Japanese name for ragweed (Butakusa) is derived from a translation of its common English name, "hogweed" (pig's grass), while the Japanese name for ragweed (Butana) is derived from a translation of its common French name, "Salade de porc" (pig's salad).

References

Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association. 2018. Kanagawa Prefecture Flora 2018 (Electronic Edition). Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, Odawara. 1803pp. ISBN: 9784991053726

Okubo, Kimihiro. 2014. Hay fever: its causative substances and mechanisms. Modern Media 60(12): 1-5. ISSN: 0026-8054, https://www.eiken.co.jp/uploads/modern_media/literature/MM1412_01.pdf

RBG Kew. 2023. The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. Plants of the World Online. http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/

Utsumi, Shunsaku. 2002. Why are flowers beautiful? 1. Insects and pollination. Chiba University Faculty of Education Research Bulletin 50: 441-448. ISSN: 1348-2084, https://opac.ll.chiba-u.jp/da/curator/900026751/

What are Ipomoea quamoclit, Ipomoea quamoclit, Ipomoea quamoclit, and Ipomoea quamoclit?

Ipomoea quamoclit, also known as morning glory, is a climbing annual plant native to tropical America. In Japan, it has been cultivated for ornamental purposes for a long time, and wild specimens can also be found (Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, 2018). Compared to Ipomoea quamoclit, it is much less commonly seen in the wild, and records of escaped cultivation are rare.

Ipomoea x multifida, also known as "Momijirukou" (Japanese maple vine), is a horticultural plant obtained by crossing Ipomoea quamoclit and Ipomoea quamoclit, and like Ipomoea quamoclit, it is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.

Ipomoea coccinea, also known as round-leaved crimson quince, is a climbing annual plant native to tropical America. Records indicate it was introduced to Japan during the Edo period. It is a naturalized plant, particularly common in warmer regions, and is also known as a tonic weed in fields.

Ipomoea hederifolia, also known as ivy-leaved red vine, is an annual climbing plant native to tropical America. It has naturalized in tropical to warm temperate regions worldwide, and the first recorded instance in Japan was in 1998 when it was collected in Koike Higashihara, Kanagawa Prefecture.

All of these plants belong to the Ipomoea genus of the Convolvulaceae family. They are climbing annuals native to tropical America and are cultivated in Japan for ornamental purposes, sometimes escaping cultivation and becoming naturalized. They all share the characteristic of having small corollas, less than 2 cm in diameter, and a bright red color, which is often why they are popular as ornamental plants. They also share the common Ipomoea genus features of having a single style and a spherical, unbranched stigma.

While the distinction is relatively easy, it might be difficult if you don't recognize all four types.

In particular, *Rumex rotundifolia* is often sold as "Ipomoea quamoclit" in horticulture, so it's highly likely that the two are being confused.

Furthermore, since Ilex crenata is very similar to Ilex rotunda, it is highly likely that they are being confused.

What are the differences between Ipomoea quamoclit, Ipomoea quamoclit, Ipomoea quamoclit, and Ipomoea quamoclit?

To understand the differences between these four species, it's essential to examine their leaves.

First, they can be broadly classified based on the difference that Ipomoea quamoclit and Ipomoea quamoclit have deeply lobed leaves, while Ipomoea quamoclit and Ipomoea quamoclit have entire or shallowly three-lobed leaves.

Because the leaves of Ipomoea quamoclit and Ipomoea quamoclit have very fine incisions, if you carefully examine the leaves, you are unlikely to mistake them for the other two species.

One difference between Ipomoea quamoclit and Ipomoea quamoclit is that Ipomoea quamoclit has pinnately lobed leaves, while Ipomoea quamoclit has palmately lobed leaves.

In other words, in Ipomoea quamoclit, the leaves grow outwards from a narrow central leaf, resembling a feather, while in Ipomoea quamoclit, the leaves grow outwards radially from the petiole, resembling the palm of a hand. You should be able to see the difference if you observe carefully.

The difference between Ipomoea quamoclit and Ipomoea purpurea is that in Ipomoea quamoclit, all the leaves are entire or have a pair of corners on either side, and the seeds are black with scattered very short hairs, while in Ipomoea purpurea, the lower leaves of the stem are entire, but the upper leaves are shallowly three-lobed, and the seeds are mottled with dark brown and brown and densely covered with silvery-white downy hairs.

These two species are a little difficult to distinguish, but it's especially important to carefully record the upper part of the leaves. There are also differences in the flowers. In Ipomoea quamoclit, the center of the outer part of the corolla and the inside of the tube are yellow, while in Ipomoea quamoclit, the inside of the tube is yellow, but the center of the outer part of the corolla is red. So, be sure to check when the flowers are in bloom.

Are there any other similar types?

The sweet potato genus includes many species, but no species with bright red corollas are known.

For information on other species in the Ipomoea genus, please see our separate article.

What are the differences between morning glories, round-leaved morning glories, wild morning glories, and American morning glories? We'll explain how to distinguish between similar varieties! The origins of Japanese morning glories are shrouded in mystery!?

Morning glories (Ipomoea nil), round-leaved morning glories, wild morning glories, and American morning glories all belong to the Ipomoea genus of the Convolvulaceae family. Among the varieties with "morning glory" in their name, they are particularly popular for their large corolla diameter (over 3 cm) and are widely cultivated as ornamental plants. While they are very popular, there is considerable individual variation between varieties...

ecological-information.com

What are the differences between morning glories (Ipomoea nil) and star morning glories (Ipomoea purpurea)? We'll explain how to distinguish between these similar species!

Both Ipomoea purpurea and Ipomoea purpurea belong to the Ipomoea genus of the Convolvulaceae family and are introduced species that have naturalized in Japan. They share the characteristics of small corollas and a star shape when viewed from above. They can be seen in urban areas, but they may be confused with each other. However, there is an easy-to-understand difference in the color of the flowers...

ecological-information.com

What is the structure of a flower?

The flowers, typical of the Ipomoea genus in the Convolvulaceae family, are funnel-shaped, fused-petal flowers similar to morning glories. The most distinctive feature of all four species is their red color.

Ipomoea quamoclit blooms from August to October. The flowers grow in clusters of one or two in the leaf axils, and are funnel-shaped with a long tube about 2 cm in diameter and 3-4 cm long, with long pedicels. The flowers are usually deep red in color. When viewed from above, the corolla appears star-shaped.

Ipomoea quamoclit blooms from August to October. Each cymose inflorescence bears 2 to 8 flowers. The pedicels are 5 to 15 mm long, erect, and the flowers face upwards. The corolla is vermilion red, with a long, funnel-shaped (trumpet-shaped) tube about 3.5 cm long, and a pentagonal tip about 2 cm in diameter. Both the stamens and pistil protrude from the corolla. The calyx is 5-lobed and slender, pointed at the tip, and 3 to 3.5 mm long.

The flowering period of Ivy 'Harukou' in Japan is unknown. The flowers form either a cluster of several flowers or a solitary terminal inflorescence. The sepals are oblong to elliptic, 1.5–3 mm long, with obtuse to pointed tips, and have fleshy awns at the subterminal ends, 1.6–6 mm long, on the outside, and are glossy. The corolla is red to reddish-yellow, 2.5–4.5 cm long.

What is the structure of the fruit?

The fruit, common to all plants in the Ipomoea genus, is a capsule. A capsule consists of multiple carpels, and the pericarp is usually dry. It splits open to release the seeds.

The capsule of the morning glory plant is oval-shaped, about 8 mm long, and contains four seeds. The seeds are about 5 mm long.

The capsule of *Ipomoea quamoclit* is 6-8 mm wide, contains 4 seeds, and the fruit stalk curves downward. The seeds are 3-4 mm long, black to dark brown, and covered with fine hairs. The fruit is oval, about 8 mm long, and contains 4 seeds. The seeds are about 5 mm long.

The capsules of *Ilex crenata* are subglobose, 6-8 mm long. The seeds are dark brown or black and spherical.

References

Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association. 2018. Kanagawa Prefecture Flora 2018 (Electronic Edition). Kanagawa Prefecture Flora Survey Association, Odawara. 1803pp. ISBN: 9784991053726

What is a hairy stink bug?

The hairy stink bug Tinginotum perlatum Linnavuori, 1961 is widely distributed in western Japan. Its larvae are found on a wide range of plants, including Japanese laurel, Japanese juniper, and Ryukyu pine. Adults have been observed on maple flowers in the Kii Peninsula in early spring, and on Pittosporum tobira and Styrax flowers in the Yaeyama Islands (Yasunaga et al., 2001). In temperate regions, it has at least two generations per year, with adults overwintering. During winter, it can be found on ferns and weeds on the forest floor, as well as under fallen leaves on fallen trees. It is common on Ryukyu pine in the Southwest Islands, and is said to be present year-round in the Yaeyama Islands.

Distribution of the hairy stink bug

The specific distribution areas of this species are known to be Honshu, Izu (Hachijojima), Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima, Koshikijima (Shimokoshikijima), Amami (Amami Oshima), Okinawa (Okinawa Main Island), and Yaeyama (Ishigaki Island and Iriomote Island) (Japanese Insect Catalog Editorial Committee, 2016), but there are no records of Yakushima. Furthermore, since there are no records in Yasunaga (1999), it is thought that it has not been recorded on Yakushima.

The author's record of the hairy stink bug.

On November 27, 2017, I photographed this species flying towards a light at an accommodation facility in Miyanoura, Yakushima Town, Kumage District, Kagoshima Prefecture, and I report my findings here.

1 ex., Miyanoura, Yakushima-cho, Kumage-gun, Kagoshima Prefecture, 27. 1/2017, photographed by the author (Figure 6).

Records of this phenomenon from lights can be found in works such as Yagi et al. (2003), and it seems to be a common occurrence.

References

Japanese Insect Catalog Editorial Committee. 2016. Japanese Insect Catalog, Vol. 4: Neoptera. Kaika Shobo, Tokyo. 629pp. ISBN: 9784434218224

Yagi, T., Nakanishi, A., Inahata, K., Sugino, K., Ueda, Y., Katsumata, C., Kimata, T., Koga, T., T., Taniguchi, T., Nakahama, H., Fukushima, H., Mizuno, T., Moriwaki, T., Yamazaki, T., and Yoshida, T. 2003. Insect fauna of Tonomine Plateau—From the 2002 insect survey—(Part 1). Kiberihamushi 31(1): 1-46. ISSN: 1884-9377

Yasunaga, T. 1999. Revision of the mirine genus Tinginotum Kirkaldy (Heteroptera: Miridae) from Japan. Biogeography 1: 39-47. ISSN: 1345-0662, https://doi.org/10.11358/biogeo.1.39

Yasunaga, Tomohide; Takai, Mikio; and Nakatani, Yoshinobu. 2001. Illustrated Guide to Japanese Stink Bugs in Color: Terrestrial Stink Bugs, Vol. 2. National Rural Education Association, Tokyo. 350pp. ISBN: 9784881370896

pdf version